Processing Citizenship
June 3rd 2020
“We need to know who is crossing our borders … By November we will propose a European travel information system — an automated system to determine who will be allowed to travel to Europe. That way we will know who is travelling to Europe before they even get here.” (President of the European Commission J.C. 2016)
Preoccupation of European policy makers to make known presumed invisible phenomena of border crossings at borders of Europe.
Issue of visibility often associated to migration and border management.
Less attention given to the data infrastructures in management of mobility, migration and borders.
Importance of understanding how data infrastructures at border zones enact people on the move
Processing Citizenship & contribution to “alterity processing” (Pelizza 2020) framework:
studying the possibilities and constraints for people on the move, by the way people are enacted while entering Europe,
by focusing on the ontologies in the information systems deployed at borders.
contribute to the script analyses.
Building on studies about ontologies, standards, and classification systems, e.g. Bowker & Star “Sorting things out” (1999), Evelyn Ruppert, Ian Hacking
Lack of clear methodological contributions for studying data models.
Under developed area in field of migration and border studies.
Three steps in building our method:
An example of the technique for coding data. From top to bottom there are four levels, one for each type of element: document group, document, quote, code, code group.
Based on three analytical categories:
First we create a graph, with nodes and link based on occurrences of categories.
The different set operations.
Some illustrations of potential uses of the method.
EU | Hellenic | German | |||
Eurodac | SIS | VIS | XKA | XAüslander | |
additional info / comments | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
asylum | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
biometrics | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
biometrics: fingerprint data | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
biometrics: photograph data | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
birth data | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
birth data: date of birth | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
birth data: place of birth | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
civil status: values | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
contact info | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
criminal offence data | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
date of application | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
date of entry | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
date of exit | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
education | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
education: extent | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
education: extent: values | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
ethnicity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
family status data | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
language | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
linking data | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
linking data: IO | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
linking data: MS | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
name: earlier/other names | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
name: forename | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
name: surname | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
nationality | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
occupation data | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
occupation data: current | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
operator data | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
parents data | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
personal ties | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
personal ties: in EU | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
procedure data | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
religion: values | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
residence | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
sex & gender | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
stay data | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
system entry data: place | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Temporary accomodation/housing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
travel data | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
travel document data | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
travel document type: values | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
travel document: validity: expiration | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
travel document: visa-related data | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
travel: relocation | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
vulnerability | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
In the tool:
EU | Hellenic | German | |||
Eurodac | SIS | VIS | XKA | XAüslander | |
a photograph of the applicant | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
a reference to the decision giving rise to the alert | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Abweichende Namensschreibweise | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
action to be taken | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
administration status | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
age | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
aliases | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aliaspersonalie | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Anderer Name | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
application for international protection: date | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
application for international protection: Member State of origin | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
application for international protection: place | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
application number | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
asylum case or residence permit | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Asylum office | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
aufenthalt | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
aufenthaltsantrag | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
ausweisdokument | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
authority issuing the alert | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
authority which issued the travel document | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
authority with which the application has been lodged | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
cash amount | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
CBI submission in the current calendar month | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
civil status: annulment | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
civil status: civil partnership canceled | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
civil status: civil partnership dissolved by declaration of death | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
civil status: cohabit | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
civil status: divorced | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
civil status: life partner passed away | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
civil status: married | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
civil status: single | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
civil status: unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
civil status: widower | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
comments | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
country of birth | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
current employer | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
current nationality | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
current occupation | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
date of birth | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
date of entry | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
date of expiry of the travel document | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
date of issue of the travel document | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Date of lifting of geographical restriction / Date of appointment in the mainland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Date of list submission at central level | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
date of the application | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
date of the arrival of the person concerned after a successful transfer | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
date on which the data were transmitted to the Central System | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
date on which the fingerprints were taken | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
date when the decision to examine the application was taken | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
date when the person concerned left or was removed from the territory of the Member States | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
date when the person concerned left the territory of the Member States | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Destination sites or hotels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
details of the person issuing an invitation and/or liable to pay the applicant's subsistence costs during the stay | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
DIKA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
duration of the intended stay | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
education level | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
education level: praktikum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
education level: schulbesuch | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
education level: sprachkurs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
education level: studium | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
ersteinreisedatum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
ethnic group | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
familienstand | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
family relation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
father's name | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
fingerprint data | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
fingerprints | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
fingerprints of the applicant | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
first name(s) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
forename(s) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
former surname(s) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Früherer Name | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
geburt | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Genanntname | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
geschlecht | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
group | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Grundpersonalien | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
heimatanschrift | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
intended border of first entry | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
intended date of arrival | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
intended date of depature | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
intended transit route | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Künstlername | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
language | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
link(s) to other alerts | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
location before transfer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
main destination | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
marital status | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
mbkauskunftssperre | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
mother's name | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
name | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Name nach deutschem Recht | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
name of school | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
name(s) at birth | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
nameNatuerlichePerson | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
nationality | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
nationality at birth | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
nationality(ies) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nicht definierter Name | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
number of the travel document | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
operator user ID | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ordensname | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Phone | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
photographs | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
physical characteristics | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
place of birth | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
place of the application | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
previously used names | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
profession | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
progress registration on group ID | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
progress registration on individual ID | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
purpose of travel | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
reason for the alert | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
recommendation of provision of services in sites or hotels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
reference number used by the Member State of origin | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
religion | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
religion: buddhismus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
religion: christentum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
religion: hinduismus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
religion: islam | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
religion: judentum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
religion: konfessionslos | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
religion: konfuzianer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
religion: naturreligionen | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
religion: sonstige | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
religion: sonstige glaubensgemeinschaften | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
religion: unbekannt | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
religion: zarathustra-anhänger | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
residence | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
serial no | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
sex | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
staatsangehoerigkeit | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
status information | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
surname | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
surname and first name(s) of the applicant's father and mother | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
surname at birth | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
surname(s) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
tod | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
travel document type: Reisedokument (Personalausweis, Grenz- gängerkarte) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
travel document type: reisepass, nationalpass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
travel document type: Sonstige Passersatzpapiere | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
type of travel document | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
type of visa requested | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
UNHCR cash card | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
vertreter | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
volkszugehoerigkeit | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Vulnerability | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
whether the person concerned is armed, violent or has escaped; | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
wohnung | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Example of centrality, comparing degree and betweenness centrality.
Code group | Degree centrality | Betweenness centrality |
travel: relocation | ||
nationality | ||
education: extent: values | ||
name: surname | ||
travel document data | ||
personal ties | ||
birth data: date of birth | ||
sex & gender | ||
date of entry | ||
occupation data | ||
biometrics | ||
education | ||
procedure data | ||
birth data: place of birth | ||
travel data | ||
name: forename | ||
residence | ||
birth data | ||
parents data | ||
language | ||
name: earlier/other names | ||
asylum | ||
biometrics: photograph data | ||
family status data | ||
vulnerability | ||
additional info / comments | ||
linking data: IO | ||
Temporary accomodation/housing | ||
education: extent | ||
civil status: values | ||
contact info | ||
ethnicity | ||
occupation data: current | ||
stay data | ||
linking data: MS | ||
personal ties: in EU | ||
operator data | ||
biometrics: fingerprint data | ||
system entry data: place | ||
travel document: visa-related data | ||
religion: values | ||
date of exit | ||
criminal offence data | ||
travel document: validity: expiration | ||
travel document type: values | ||
date of application |