RQ1, ontology analysis

Processing Citizenship

June 3rd 2020

Border crossing & visibility

“We need to know who is crossing our borders … By November we will propose a European travel information system — an automated system to determine who will be allowed to travel to Europe. That way we will know who is travelling to Europe before they even get here.” (President of the European Commission J.C. 2016)

Preoccupation of European policy makers to make known presumed invisible phenomena of border crossings at borders of Europe.
Issue of visibility often associated to migration and border management.
Less attention given to the data infrastructures in management of mobility, migration and borders.

Importance

Importance of understanding how data infrastructures at border zones enact people on the move
Processing Citizenship & contribution to “alterity processing” (Pelizza 2020) framework:
- studying the possibilities and constraints for people on the move, by the way people are enacted while entering Europe,
- by focusing on the ontologies in the information systems deployed at borders.
- contribute to the script analyses.

Studies of classification systems

Building on studies about ontologies, standards, and classification systems, e.g. Bowker & Star “Sorting things out” (1999), Evelyn Ruppert, Ian Hacking
Lack of clear methodological contributions for studying data models.
Under developed area in field of migration and border studies.

Authorities & information systems

EU authorities:
- Eurodac
- Schengen Information System
- Visa Information System
Greek authorities, Hellenic Register of Foreigners (XKA)
- Used at border zones in Greece to identify and register persons who arrive at the border
- Used by Police, administrative personnel and asylum officers to input and retrieve migrants’ biographic and biometric data
- Integrates with other EU information systems
German authorities, XAusländer
- Data format for data exchange between the immigration authorities in Germany

Building a method and a tool to visualize data infrastructures for migration management

Three steps in building our method:

Data coding
- preliminary in vivo coding,
- code harmonization,
- document grouping,
- value coding
Data analysis
Data visualization and indicators

Data coding (2)

An example of the technique for coding data. From top to bottom there are four levels, one for each type of element: document group, document, quote, code, code group.

Data analysis

Based on three analytical categories:

Presence & absence
- Whether a category or value used in one system is also present in another system.
- Example, is the category “profession” that is present in the Hellenic Register of Foreigners also present in other system?
Particularity
- Whether some categories are native or peculiar to a specific system.
- For example, are categories “date of registration in the system” or “system ID” only proper of Eurodac, or are they also used in other system?
Frequency
- In which systems specific categories and values occur more frequently.
- For example, is the category “country of origin” mostly used on European databases like Eurodac and SISII, or evenly used across European and national databases?

Data visualization and indicators

First we create a graph, with nodes and link based on occurrences of categories.

The different set operations.

Illustrating potential uses

Some illustrations of potential uses of the method.

Presence and absence, code groups

Presence of code groups for EU (Eurodac, SIS, VIS), Greek (XKA), German (XAüslander).
	EU			Hellenic	German
	Eurodac	SIS	VIS	XKA	XAüslander
additional info / comments	0	1	0	1	1
asylum	1	0	0	1	0
biometrics	1	1	1	0	0
biometrics: fingerprint data	1	1	1	0	0
biometrics: photograph data	0	1	1	0	0
birth data	0	1	1	1	0
birth data: date of birth	0	1	1	1	1
birth data: place of birth	0	1	1	0	1
civil status: values	0	0	0	0	1
contact info	0	0	0	1	0
criminal offence data	0	1	0	0	0
date of application	0	0	1	0	0
date of entry	0	0	0	1	0
date of exit	1	0	0	0	0
education	0	0	1	0	1
education: extent	0	0	0	0	1
education: extent: values	0	0	0	0	1
ethnicity	0	0	0	0	1
family status data	0	0	0	1	1
language	0	0	0	1	0
linking data	1	1	1	1	1
linking data: IO	0	0	0	1	0
linking data: MS	1	0	0	0	0
name: earlier/other names	0	1	1	0	1
name: forename	0	1	1	0	1
name: surname	0	1	1	1	1
nationality	0	1	1	1	1
occupation data	0	0	1	0	1
occupation data: current	0	0	1	0	0
operator data	1	0	0	0	0
parents data	0	0	1	1	0
personal ties	0	0	1	0	1
personal ties: in EU	0	0	1	0	0
procedure data	1	0	1	1	0
religion: values	0	0	0	0	1
residence	0	0	1	1	1
sex & gender	1	1	1	1	1
stay data	0	0	1	0	1
system entry data: place	0	0	0	1	0
Temporary accomodation/housing	0	0	0	1	1
travel data	0	0	1	0	1
travel document data	0	0	1	0	0
travel document type: values	0	0	0	0	1
travel document: validity: expiration	0	0	1	0	0
travel document: visa-related data	0	0	1	0	0
travel: relocation	1	0	0	1	0
vulnerability	0	0	0	1	0

In the tool:

Presence and absence, categories

Presence of categories for EU (Eurodac, SIS, VIS), Greek (XKA), German (XAüslander).
	EU			Hellenic	German
	Eurodac	SIS	VIS	XKA	XAüslander
a photograph of the applicant	0	0	1	0	0
a reference to the decision giving rise to the alert	0	1	0	0	0
Abweichende Namensschreibweise	0	0	0	0	1
action to be taken	0	1	0	0	0
administration status	0	0	0	1	0
age	0	0	0	1	0
aliases	0	1	0	0	0
Aliaspersonalie	0	0	0	0	1
Anderer Name	0	0	0	0	1
application for international protection: date	1	0	0	0	0
application for international protection: Member State of origin	1	0	0	0	0
application for international protection: place	1	0	0	0	0
application number	0	0	1	0	0
asylum case or residence permit	0	0	0	1	0
Asylum office	0	0	0	1	0
aufenthalt	0	0	0	0	1
aufenthaltsantrag	0	0	0	0	1
ausweisdokument	0	0	0	0	1
authority issuing the alert	0	1	0	0	0
authority which issued the travel document	0	0	1	0	0
authority with which the application has been lodged	0	0	1	0	0
cash amount	0	0	0	1	0
CBI submission in the current calendar month	0	0	0	1	0
civil status: annulment	0	0	0	0	1
civil status: civil partnership canceled	0	0	0	0	1
civil status: civil partnership dissolved by declaration of death	0	0	0	0	1
civil status: cohabit	0	0	0	0	1
civil status: divorced	0	0	0	0	1
civil status: life partner passed away	0	0	0	0	1
civil status: married	0	0	0	0	1
civil status: single	0	0	0	0	1
civil status: unknown	0	0	0	0	1
civil status: widower	0	0	0	0	1
comments	0	0	0	1	0
country of birth	0	0	1	0	0
current employer	0	0	1	0	0
current nationality	0	0	1	0	0
current occupation	0	0	1	0	0
date of birth	0	1	1	1	0
date of entry	0	0	0	1	0
date of expiry of the travel document	0	0	1	0	0
date of issue of the travel document	0	0	1	0	0
Date of lifting of geographical restriction / Date of appointment in the mainland	0	0	0	1	0
Date of list submission at central level	0	0	0	1	0
date of the application	0	0	1	0	0
date of the arrival of the person concerned after a successful transfer	1	0	0	0	0
date on which the data were transmitted to the Central System	1	0	0	0	0
date on which the fingerprints were taken	1	0	0	0	0
date when the decision to examine the application was taken	1	0	0	0	0
date when the person concerned left or was removed from the territory of the Member States	1	0	0	0	0
date when the person concerned left the territory of the Member States	1	0	0	0	0
Destination sites or hotels	0	0	0	1	0
details of the person issuing an invitation and/or liable to pay the applicant's subsistence costs during the stay	0	0	1	0	0
DIKA	0	0	0	1	0
duration of the intended stay	0	0	1	0	0
education level	0	0	0	0	1
education level: praktikum	0	0	0	0	1
education level: schulbesuch	0	0	0	0	1
education level: sprachkurs	0	0	0	0	1
education level: studium	0	0	0	0	1
ersteinreisedatum	0	0	0	0	1
ethnic group	0	0	0	0	1
familienstand	0	0	0	0	1
family relation	0	0	0	1	0
father's name	0	0	0	1	0
fingerprint data	1	0	0	0	0
fingerprints	0	1	0	0	0
fingerprints of the applicant	0	0	1	0	0
first name(s)	0	0	1	0	0
forename(s)	0	1	0	0	0
former surname(s)	0	0	1	0	0
Früherer Name	0	0	0	0	1
geburt	0	0	0	0	1
Genanntname	0	0	0	0	1
geschlecht	0	0	0	0	1
group	0	0	0	1	0
Grundpersonalien	0	0	0	0	1
heimatanschrift	0	0	0	0	1
intended border of first entry	0	0	1	0	0
intended date of arrival	0	0	1	0	0
intended date of depature	0	0	1	0	0
intended transit route	0	0	1	0	0
Künstlername	0	0	0	0	1
language	0	0	0	1	0
link(s) to other alerts	0	1	0	0	0
location before transfer	0	0	0	1	0
main destination	0	0	1	0	0
marital status	0	0	0	0	1
mbkauskunftssperre	0	0	0	0	1
mother's name	0	0	0	1	0
name	0	0	0	1	0
Name nach deutschem Recht	0	0	0	0	1
name of school	0	0	1	0	0
name(s) at birth	0	1	0	0	0
nameNatuerlichePerson	0	0	0	0	1
nationality	0	0	0	1	0
nationality at birth	0	0	1	0	0
nationality(ies)	0	1	0	0	0
Nicht definierter Name	0	0	0	0	1
number of the travel document	0	0	1	0	0
operator user ID	1	0	0	0	0
Ordensname	0	0	0	0	1
Phone	0	0	0	1	0
photographs	0	1	0	0	0
physical characteristics	0	1	0	0	0
place of birth	0	1	1	0	0
place of the application	0	0	1	0	0
previously used names	0	1	0	0	0
profession	0	0	0	0	1
progress registration on group ID	0	0	0	1	0
progress registration on individual ID	0	0	0	1	0
purpose of travel	0	0	1	0	0
reason for the alert	0	1	0	0	0
recommendation of provision of services in sites or hotels	0	0	0	1	0
reference number used by the Member State of origin	1	0	0	0	0
religion	0	0	0	0	1
religion: buddhismus	0	0	0	0	1
religion: christentum	0	0	0	0	1
religion: hinduismus	0	0	0	0	1
religion: islam	0	0	0	0	1
religion: judentum	0	0	0	0	1
religion: konfessionslos	0	0	0	0	1
religion: konfuzianer	0	0	0	0	1
religion: naturreligionen	0	0	0	0	1
religion: sonstige	0	0	0	0	1
religion: sonstige glaubensgemeinschaften	0	0	0	0	1
religion: unbekannt	0	0	0	0	1
religion: zarathustra-anhänger	0	0	0	0	1
residence	0	0	1	0	0
serial no	0	0	0	1	0
sex	1	1	1	1	0
staatsangehoerigkeit	0	0	0	0	1
status information	0	0	1	0	0
surname	0	0	1	1	0
surname and first name(s) of the applicant's father and mother	0	0	1	0	0
surname at birth	0	0	1	0	0
surname(s)	0	1	0	0	0
tod	0	0	0	0	1
travel document type: Reisedokument (Personalausweis, Grenz- gängerkarte)	0	0	0	0	1
travel document type: reisepass, nationalpass	0	0	0	0	1
travel document type: Sonstige Passersatzpapiere	0	0	0	0	1
type of travel document	0	0	1	0	0
type of visa requested	0	0	1	0	0
UNHCR cash card	0	0	0	1	0
vertreter	0	0	0	0	1
volkszugehoerigkeit	0	0	0	0	1
Vulnerability	0	0	0	1	0
whether the person concerned is armed, violent or has escaped;	0	1	0	0	0
wohnung	0	0	0	0	1

Frequency & centrality

Example

Example of centrality, comparing degree and betweenness centrality.

Illustrative case

Frequency table for code groups present in all systems.
Code group	Degree centrality	Betweenness centrality
travel: relocation
nationality
education: extent: values
name: surname
travel document data
personal ties
birth data: date of birth
sex & gender
date of entry
occupation data
biometrics
education
procedure data
birth data: place of birth
travel data
name: forename
residence
birth data
parents data
language
name: earlier/other names
asylum
biometrics: photograph data
family status data
vulnerability
additional info / comments
linking data: IO
Temporary accomodation/housing
education: extent
civil status: values
contact info
ethnicity
occupation data: current
stay data
linking data: MS
personal ties: in EU
operator data
biometrics: fingerprint data
system entry data: place
travel document: visa-related data
religion: values
date of exit
criminal offence data
travel document: validity: expiration
travel document type: values
date of application